246 biomarkers
| Chapter | Eye_Biomarker | Systematic_Disease | Category |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unclassified | a decreased choroidal thickness | coronary artery disease(CAD) | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | abnormal GCC FLV at the macula | diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | affecting the cornea | diabetes | Disease |
| Unclassified | affecting the cornea | gout | Disease |
| Unclassified | affecting the cornea | granulomatosis with polyangiitis | Disease |
| Unclassified | affecting the cornea | immunobullous diseases | Disease |
| Unclassified | affecting the cornea | infections with viruses | Disease |
| Unclassified | affecting the cornea | meretoja's syndrome | Disease |
| Unclassified | age-associated antigen-presenting cell alterations | Other | |
| Unclassified | amaurosis fugax (AmF) | Trousseau syndrome | Symptom |
| Unclassified | aniridia | increased tumor risk | Disease |
| Unclassified | aniridia/iris dysplasia | wilms tumor | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | anterior uveitis | mixed germ cell tumor (embryonal carcinoma and seminoma) | Disease |
| Unclassified | anterior uveitis | oculo-cerebral lymphoma | Disease |
| Unclassified | anti-aldolase Autoantibodies (AAbs), anti-CAII Autoantibodies, anti-arrestin Autoantibodies | cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) | Protein |
| Unclassified | anti-recoverin, anti-transducin-alpha, and anti-carbonic anhydrase II antibodies | paraneoplastic retinopathies (PR) | Protein |
| Unclassified | anti-retinal autoantibodies | gynecological cancer | Protein |
| Unclassified | birdshot chorioretinitis | NUT carcinoma of the sinonasal tract | Disease |
| Unclassified | blurry vision | NUT carcinoma of the sinonasal tract | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | bruch membrane opening and maximal RNFL thickness | idiopathic intracranial hypertension(IIH) | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | cataract | an elevated level of Ca(2+) | Disease |
| Unclassified | cataract | diabetic | Disease |
| Unclassified | cataract | mortality | Disease |
| Unclassified | cataract | restrictive lung disease | Disease |
| Unclassified | cataract | trichothiodystrophy (TTD) | Disease |
| Unclassified | cataract | wolfram syndrome (WFS) | Disease |
| Unclassified | caused diplopia and mild proptosis | biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma | Symptom |
| Unclassified | CD11b+ Monocytes | Other | |
| Unclassified | Central Chorioretinal Thickness | coronary artery calcification(CAC) | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | changes in cytokines concentration (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) and serum advanced glycation end products (sAGEs) | Metabolite | |
| Unclassified | changes in nystagmus, oculomotor and nuchal muscle movements | procainization of the unilateral nuchal muscles | Symptom |
| Unclassified | chlorpropamide alcohol flushing (CPAF) | diabetes mellitus | Other |
| Unclassified | choriocapillaris perfusion in the macula | diabetes mellitus | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | choroidal nevus | autoimmune | Disease |
| Unclassified | choroidal nevus | autoimmune | Disease |
| Unclassified | choroidal nevus | cardiovascular | Disease |
| Unclassified | choroidal nevus | cardiovascular | Disease |
| Unclassified | choroidal nevus | occupational risk factors | Disease |
| Unclassified | choroidal nevus | occupational risk factors | Disease |
| Unclassified | choroidal nevus | renal | Disease |
| Unclassified | choroidal nevus | renal | Disease |
| Unclassified | choroidal thickness | cardiovascular risk factors | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | choroidal thickness | diabetesmellitus(DM) | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | choroidal thickness | obsessive compulsive disorder | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | choroidal vascularity index | diabetesmellitus(DM) | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | choroidal vascularity index | vascular health in smokers | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | chromosome 5q13-14 | wagner disease and erosive vitreoretinopathy | Nucleic Acids-Based Biomarker |
| Unclassified | chronic ocular hypertension | dendrite pathology in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the brain | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | chronic posterior uveitis | primary CNS lymphoma(PCNSL) | Disease |
| Unclassified | CKD, retinopathy | mortality | Disease |
| Unclassified | complex ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers (GCL-IPL) | brain development in children born small for gestational age | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | congenital cataract | wiedemann-beckwith syndrome | Disease |
| Unclassified | congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) | familial colorectal cancer | Other |
| Unclassified | congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) | gardner syndrome | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | congenital mydriasis | multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome | Symptom |
| Unclassified | conjunctival and uvea l melanomas | dysplastic nevus syndrome | Disease |
| Unclassified | conjunctival and uvea l melanomas | sclerocornea(MIDAS syndrome) | Disease |
| Unclassified | conjunctival and uvea l melanomas | the aniridia-Wilms'tumor | Disease |
| Unclassified | conjunctival xerosis | conjunctival xerosis | Disease |
| Unclassified | corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) | diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | corneal confocal microscopy (CCM)-small nerve fibres | diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | corneal epithelial wound healing | diabetes mellitus | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL) assessed using corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) | type 1 diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | corneal nerve fibre length | diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | corneal nerves | peripheral neuropathy | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | corneal NFD and the total number of nerves were significantly reduced；nerve tortuosity was significantly increased | small-fiber neuropathy (SFN) | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | corneal tumours | ultraviolet radiation | Disease |
| Unclassified | cytological preparation of conjunctival smears | systemic immunoglobulin-producing dyscrasias | Other |
| Unclassified | cytology and molecular analysis of clonality | primary CNS lymphoma(PCNSL) | Cytokine |
| Unclassified | cytomegalovirus retinitis | hematological malignancies | Disease |
| Unclassified | cytomegalovirus retinitis | organ transplantation | Disease |
| Unclassified | decreased Peripapillary vessel density | aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | diabetes retinopathy(DR) | calcification in superficial femoral arteries (SFA) | Disease |
| Unclassified | diabetes retinopathy(DR) | diabetic nephropathy(DN) | Disease |
| Unclassified | diabetes retinopathy(DR) | diabetic renal microangiopathy | Disease |
| Unclassified | diabetes retinopathy(DR) | late cardiac events following percutaneous coronary intervention（cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and acute heart failure requiring emergency admission over a period of up to 5 years） | Disease |
| Unclassified | diabetes retinopathy(DR) | lower-extremity arterial disease (LEAD) | Disease |
| Unclassified | diabetes retinopathy(DR) | serum CA125 level in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes | Disease |
| Unclassified | diplopia | NUT carcinoma of the sinonasal tract | Symptom |
| Unclassified | double vision | thyroid autoimmunity | Symptom |
| Unclassified | diabetes retinopathy(DR) | all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetic inpatients with normoalbuminuria | Disease |
| Unclassified | diabetes retinopathy(DR) | heart muscle perfusion | Disease |
| Unclassified | dry eye | diabetes | Disease |
| Unclassified | dynamic monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 | pain | Protein |
| Unclassified | epicanthus, ptosis | chromosome 13q-syndrome | Symptom |
| Unclassified | epithelial-mesenchymal transition | fibrotic disorders | Other |
| Unclassified | etinal venular caliber | systemic inflammation | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | Extraocular muscle weakness | thyroid autoimmunity | Disease |
| Unclassified | eye movement disorders (opsoclonus) | gynecological cancer | Symptom |
| Unclassified | eye movements | cerebellar damage in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | eye temperature | time of death (TOD) | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | eyelid swellings、protrusion of the left eyeball | angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia and sclerosing cholangitis | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) intereye retinal thickness difference (IETD) | clinically isolated syndrome | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | gD peptide epitopes and CpG2007 | Metabolite | |
| Unclassified | gene therapy | gene therapy | Other |
| Unclassified | glial and neuronal markers | Other | |
| Unclassified | higher HbA1c | diabetes mellitus | Metabolite |
| Unclassified | higher vascularization of the deep capillary plexus; retina was thinner | idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | HSPA8, IGHG1, ANXA5, VKORC1 | Nucleic Acids-Based Biomarker | |
| Unclassified | hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) | Metabolite | |
| Unclassified | hyperglycemia | diabetes mellitus | Metabolite |
| Unclassified | hypertensive retinal changes | microalbuminuria | Disease |
| Unclassified | hypertropia between ipsilesional head tilt and the upright position | the Bielschowsky head tilt phenomenon (BHP) | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | IL-10 | primary CNS lymphoma(PCNSL) | Cytokine |
| Unclassified | IL-10 and IL-6 levels inocular fluid samples | primary CNS lymphoma(PCNSL) | Cytokine |
| Unclassified | IL33 and IL1RAP Polymorphisms | Nucleic Acids-Based Biomarker | |
| Unclassified | including anti-anti-retinalautoantibodies，recoverin,anti-transducin-alpha,and anti-carbonicanhydraseIIantibodies | gynecological cancer | Protein |
| Unclassified | increased intraocular pressure (IOP) | oculo-cerebral lymphoma | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | increased peripapillary retinal thickness | idiopathic intracranial hypertension(IIH) | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | intraocular cytokine dosage | primary CNS lymphoma(PCNSL) | Cytokine |
| Unclassified | intraocular pressure | stress | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | iris colour patterns | skin cancer | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | iris freckles | Chronic Sun Damage | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | iris freckles | cutaneous malignancies | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | isolated xanthelasma、eruptive xanthomas、lipemia retinalis | altered blood lipids | Other |
| Unclassified | kallistatin | multiple human diseases | Protein |
| Unclassified | kinetics of Tear Fluid Proteins | Protein | |
| Unclassified | label-free quantitative proteomics | Other | |
| Unclassified | lactobacillus paracasei KW3110 | Therapy | |
| Unclassified | large optic disc cup but normal-sized discs | porencephalic cyst | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | late AMD | reduced kidney function | Disease |
| Unclassified | late AMD | reduced kidney function | Disease |
| Unclassified | left optic disc oedema | NUT carcinoma of the sinonasal tract | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | lens opacities | dysplastic nevus syndrome | Disease |
| Unclassified | lens opacities | sclerocornea(MIDAS syndrome) | Disease |
| Unclassified | lens opacities | the aniridia-Wilms'tumor | Disease |
| Unclassified | lens opacity status | mortality | Disease |
| Unclassified | long non-coding RNA CDKN2B antisense RNA 1 (CDKN2BAS1) | multiple human diseases | Nucleic Acids-Based Biomarker |
| Unclassified | longer duration of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes | diabetes mellitus | Other |
| Unclassified | lower corneal nerve fiber density, length and nerve fractal dimension | peripheral neuropathy | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | macular ganglion cell complex thinning | central nervous system pathology | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | macular ganglion cell layer (mGCL) volume | cognitive function | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | male gender and low haemoglobin | ||
| Unclassified | mental retardation | wilms tumor | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | mGCIPL thickness | neurodegeneration in middle-aged adults | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | mGCL volume | adult cognitive functioning | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | microalbuminuria | diabetic nephropathy(DN) | Disease |
| Unclassified | microphthalmia | dysplastic nevus syndrome | Disease |
| Unclassified | microphthalmia | sclerocornea(MIDAS syndrome) | Disease |
| Unclassified | microphthalmia | the aniridia-Wilms'tumor | Disease |
| Unclassified | microphthalmia transcription factor | extracutaneous melanocytic neoplasms | Protein |
| Unclassified | microphthalmia transcription factor | sentinel lymph node metastases | Protein |
| Unclassified | mild restriction of left eye abduction | NUT carcinoma of the sinonasal tract | Symptom |
| Unclassified | multiple and bilateral patches of congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium | gardner syndrome | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | multiple regions of congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) with areas of surrounding hypopigmentation in the fundi of both eyes | turcot syndrome | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | muscle capillary basement membrane width | diabetes mellitus | Other |
| Unclassified | mycobacterium chimaera chorioretinitis | systemic mycobacterium chimaera | Disease |
| Unclassified | myD88 inhibitor | Other | |
| Unclassified | negative expressions with eye constriction | early psychopathology | |
| Unclassified | neovascular age-related macular degeneration | Skin autofluorescence | Disease |
| Unclassified | neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism | Other | |
| Unclassified | NLRP3 | Protein | |
| Unclassified | nystagmus | cerebellar medulloblastoma | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | ocular blood flow | cerebral perfusion | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | ocular counterrolling | vestibular otolith | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | ocular melanoma | cutaneous nevi | Disease |
| Unclassified | ocular microtremor (OMT) | the depth of anaesthesia | Symptom |
| Unclassified | ocular myasthenia gravis | Cigarette Smoking | Disease |
| Unclassified | oculometric(pupil diameter (PD), constriction amplitude (CA), constriction latency (CL), and saccadic velocity (SV)) | CNS hypoxia | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | ONH volume (ONHV) and height (ONHH) in 3D volume scans | idiopathic intracranial hypertension(IIH) | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | open-angle glaucoma | exfoliation syndrome (XFS) | Disease |
| Unclassified | optic chiasm (OC) heights and area | neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | optic gliomas | cancer predisposition syndrome | Disease |
| Unclassified | optic nerve sheath diameter | preterm Infants | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | orbicularis ocul | tracheal intubation | Symptom |
| Unclassified | oscillatory potentials (OPs) | Eye measures | |
| Unclassified | p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells | age-related phenotypes | Other |
| Unclassified | paraneoplastic ataxia and eye movement disorders (opsoclonus) | gynecological cancer | Other |
| Unclassified | paraneoplastic retinopathies (PR) | gynecological | Disease |
| Unclassified | paraneoplastic retinopathies (PR) | hematologic malignancies | Disease |
| Unclassified | pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) | cardiometabolic diseases and related complications | Metabolite |
| Unclassified | pigmented ocular fundus lesions | gardner's syndrome | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | primary open-angle glaucoma | increased levels of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha | Disease |
| Unclassified | progression of diabetic retinopathy | peripheral vessel systems and perfusion defects in the lower limbs | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | proliferative retinopathy | nephropathy in type 1 diabetes | Disease |
| Unclassified | proptosis | multiple myeloma | Symptom |
| Unclassified | pupil size | attention | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | pupil size | sudden insight | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | pupillary reflex dilation | pain response during general anaesthesia following unilateral popliteal sciatic nerve block | Other |
| Unclassified | reduced corneal nerve density | cardiac autonomic neuropathy | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | reduced density and length of corneal nerve fiber (CNF); and beading frequency and increased bead size of Corneal C-Nerve Fibers | peripheral nerves in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | reduced pRNFL, mRNFL, mGCIPL, and mGCC thickness | diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | reduction in VD of the SCP in whole images and in the DCP in all sectors; reduced VD of the RPC; the RNFL was reduced | post-COVID-19 pneumonia | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | reductions in the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer and the macular ganglion cell complex | multiple system atrophy | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | retinal arteriolar narrowing | diabetes mellitus | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | retinal dystrophy | jalili syndrome. | Disease |
| Unclassified | retinal Fundus Images | Age and Sex Prediction | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | retinal microvasculature in children and adolescents | psychosocial stress | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness | parachiasmal tumors | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | retinal nerve fiber thinning and reduced total macular and macular ganglion cell volumes | medial temporal lobe atrophy | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | retinal pigmentation;oculomotor apraxia | joubert syndrome | Other |
| Unclassified | retinal structural changes | tamoxifen therapy | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | retinal thinning | retrogeniculate lesion (transsynaptic retrograde degeneration) | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | retinal vascular caliber | systemic inflammation | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | retinal vascular caliber measurements | diabetes mellitus | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | retinal vasoreactivity | chronic ischemic white matter disease | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | retinal vessel tortuosity | diabetes mellitus | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | retinal vessel tortuosity | Fabry disease (FD) | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | retinopathy | all-cause and cardiovascular mortality | Other |
| Unclassified | retinopathy | diabetic | Disease |
| Unclassified | retinopathy | renal failure(Diabetic nephropathy) | Disease |
| Unclassified | retro-bulbar pain | NUT carcinoma of the sinonasal tract | Symptom |
| Unclassified | RNFL thickness | wolfram syndrome (WFS) | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | RNFL thinning | hereditary spastic paraplegias | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | saccadic eye movement changes | Eye measures | |
| Unclassified | serum levels of P1NP and β-CTX | diabetes mellitus | Protein |
| Unclassified | single eye mRNA-Seq | Nucleic Acids-Based Biomarker | |
| Unclassified | skin autofluorescence (SAF) | diabetes mellitus | Other |
| Unclassified | slow and fast phase velocities of optokinetic nystagmus | brain stem | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | slow and fast phase velocities of optokinetic nystagmus | cerebellar lesions | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | spherical equivalent refractive error (SERE) | pain | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | sporadic aniridia | wilms tumor | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | SSNCV, corneal nerve fibre (CNFD) and branch (CNBD) density and length (CNFL) were reduced | diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) | Protein | |
| Unclassified | T-cell differentiation and CD56+ levels | Other | |
| Unclassified | terahertz sensing | Eye measures | |
| Unclassified | testing visual fields | CNS tumors in the visual system | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | testing visual fields | diabetes | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | the complex ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers (GCL-IPL) was thinner | brain development in children born small | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | the flash electroretinogram | psychiatric disorder | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | the type of a forming age-related cataract | neurodystrophic process | Other |
| Unclassified | the vascular density of the choriocapillaris | aging | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | thinner mGCC and total macular thicknesses | smaller hippocampal volume | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | thinner mGCIPL, mGCC and total macular thickness | smaller total brain , grey matter and white matter volume, and grey matter volume in the occipital pole | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer | hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | T-Lymphocyte Subset | Other | |
| Unclassified | tofacitinib | Therapy | |
| Unclassified | toll-like receptors (TLRs) | Protein | |
| Unclassified | total thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), average retinal thickness and total retinal volume decreased | wolfram syndrome (WFS) | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | traumatic intralenticular neovascularization | HLA B27+ | Other |
| Unclassified | triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index | diabetic retinopathy(DR) | Metabolite |
| Unclassified | tumor necrosis-alpha | Cytokine | |
| Unclassified | typical congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium | adenomatous polyposis | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | typical congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium | gardner syndrome | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | undiagnosed early glaucoma | elevated systemic levels of inflammatory marker, TNF-α | Disease |
| Unclassified | urine haptoglobin | kidney damage in patients with T2D | Other |
| Unclassified | uveitis | a tumor response to therapy with pembrolizumab. | Disease |
| Unclassified | uveitis | idiopathic arthritis | Disease |
| Unclassified | vacuoles of the lens | HbA1c levels and osmolarity changes | Metabolite |
| Unclassified | visual acuity | muscle mass | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | visual evoked potentials | muscle-eye-brain disease | Bio-imaging |
| Unclassified | visual outcome | sellar and parasellar tumour | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | visual Outcome | suprasellar tumors | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | visual system abnormalities (VSA; eyelid oedema, gaze abnormalities, and visual inattention) | neurological abnormalities | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | visuallosses | sellarregion tumor'ssize | Eye measures |
| Unclassified | wide retinal venules | familial liability to psychosis symptoms | Bio-imaging |