171 Biomarkers
| Biomarker | Source | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| malondialdehyde (MDA) | Ramachandran Kaliaperumal et al.Biol Trace Elem Res . 2021 | ||
| serum advanced glycation end products (sAGEs) | blood | prediction | Sadaf Hamid et al,Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2016 Oct. |
| superoxide | aqueous fluid and lenses | prediction | X. Wang,et al.Genet Mol Res . 2015 |
| CAT | aqueous fluid and lenses | prediction | X. Wang,et al.Genet Mol Res . 2015 |
| GSH-PX | aqueous fluid and lenses | prediction | X. Wang,et al.Genet Mol Res . 2015 |
| Cl-level | blood | prediction | Laura P Cohen et al,Digit J Ophthalmol . 2014 |
| red blood cell count | blood | prediction | Laura P Cohen et al,Digit J Ophthalmol . 2014 |
| LDL | blood | prediction | Reynolds, Robyn et al. Ophthalmology vol. 2010 |
| HDL | blood | prediction | Reynolds, Robyn et al. Ophthalmology vol. 2010 |
| 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | aqueous humor | progression | Lau, Ling-Ing et al. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science vol. 2010 |
| NAT2 | diagnosis | David Meyer et al.Pharmacogenetics . 2003 May | |
| urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor ((s)uPAR) | tissue | diagnosis | Fabrizio Scotti et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2019 |
| spermine | vitreous humour | diagnosis | R Nicoletti Br J Ophthalmol 2003 |
| putrescine | vitreous humour | diagnosis | R Nicoletti Br J Ophthalmol 2003 |
| spermidine | vitreous humour | diagnosis | R Nicoletti Br J Ophthalmol 2003 |
| 8-iso-prostaglandin F₂α (PGF₂α) | urine sample | prediction | Jinjin Zheng Selin et al,Antioxid Redox Signal . 2014 |
| 8-iso-prostaglandin F₂α (PGF₂α) | urine sample | prediction | Jinjin Zheng Selin et al,Antioxid Redox Signal . 2014 |
| Apo AI | aqueous humor | prediction | Toshihiro Inoue et al,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2013 |
| ApoCIII | aqueous humor | prediction | Toshihiro Inoue et al,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2013 |
| ApoE | aqueous humor | prediction | Toshihiro Inoue et al,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2013 |
| transthyretin (TTR) | aqueous humor | prediction | Toshihiro Inoue et al,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2013 |
| α2-macroglobulin (α2M) | aqueous humor | prediction | Toshihiro Inoue et al,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2013 |
| Apo AI | aqueous humor | prediction | Toshihiro Inoue et al,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2013 |
| ApoCIII | aqueous humor | prediction | Toshihiro Inoue et al,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2013 |
| ApoE | aqueous humor | prediction | Toshihiro Inoue et al,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2013 |
| TTR | aqueous humor | prediction | Toshihiro Inoue et al,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2013 |
| α2M | aqueous humor | prediction | Toshihiro Inoue et al,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2013 |
| transthyretin (TTR) | aqueous humor ,blood | prediction | Viera Kalinina Ayuso et al,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2013 |
| adrenomedullin (ADM) | Aqueous humor | prediction | Dimitrios G Mikropoulos et al,Curr Eye Res . 2013 |
| MCP-1 | aqueous humor (AH) | prognosis | Minghang Pei et al.Curr Eye Res . 2019 |
| HLA-B27 | aqueous humor (AqH) | prediction | Fleurieke H Verhagen et al.Am J Ophthalmol . 2019 |
| retinal structures | Tissue | prediction | Mutlu U et al.jamaneurol.2018 |
| inflammatory cytokines | Blood | diagnosis | Yi QY et al. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| glycine | Blood | diagnosis | Chen X et al.Mol Vis. 2019 |
| lower urinary cotinine level | Blood | prediction | Nam GE et al.Eye (Lond). 2017 |
| vitamin D status | Blood | prediction | Yazar S et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014 |
| 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | Blood | prediction | Kim EB et al.Korean J Ophthalmol. 2016 |
| microcirculation deep within the PPA | Tissue | prediction | Kiyota N et al.Acta Ophthalmol. 2018 |
| high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) | machine | diagnosis | Colijn, Johanna M et al.Ophthalmology vol.2019 |
| triglycerides | machine | diagnosis | Colijn, Johanna M et al.Ophthalmology vol.2019 |
| aqueous humor cytokine concentrations | machine | prognosis | Felfeli, Tina et al.American journal of ophthalmology vol. 2019 |
| body mass index (BMI) | tissue | diagnosis | Man, Ryan Eyn Kidd et al.JAMA ophthalmology vol. 2016 |
| waist to hip ratio (WHR) | tissue | diagnosis | Man, Ryan Eyn Kidd et al.JAMA ophthalmology vol. 2016 |
| 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | urinary | prediction | Takeshi Nishikawa，Diabetes Care .2003 |
| total serum sialic acid levels | blood and urine sample | diagnosis | M A Crook，Diabetes Care . 1993 |
| 5-hydroxymethylcytosines | tissue | diagnosis | Liyuan Han，Genomics . 2021 |
| urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) | urine | prediction | F A Ganjifrockwala et al. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017 |
| serum uric acid levels | Serum | prediction | Hirohito Kuwata et al. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2017 |
| one-hour plasma glucose | Blood | prediction | Ethan Paddock et al. Diabetes Care. 2018 |
| two-hour plasma glucose | Blood | prediction | Ethan Paddock et al. Diabetes Care. 2018 |
| HRF | tissue | prediction | M Arthi et al.Indian J Ophthalmol . 2021 |
| fluid | machine | diagnosis | Laurent Kodjikian et al.Eye (Lond) . 2021 |
| drusen ooze | machine | diagnosis | Mahima Jhingan et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2021 |
| SRF | tissue | diagnosis | Jakob Siedlecki et al.Sci Rep . 2020 |
| matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels (InflammaDry) | tear | prediction | Robert Sambursky et al,JAMA Ophthalmol . 2013 |
| high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) | blood | prediction | Johanna M Colijn et al,Ophthalmology . 2019 Mar |
| triglycerides | blood | prediction | Johanna M Colijn et al,Ophthalmology . 2019 Mar |
| CRP | plasma | prediction | Yousif Subhi et al,Acta Ophthalmol . 2019 Feb |
| N-epsilon-carboxy methyl lysine (CML) | blood | progression | Boehm, B O et al. Diabetologia vol. 2004 |
| endothelin-1 (ET-1) | venous blood | prediction | Yϋksel Totan et al.J Ophthalmic Vis Res . 2015 |
| nitric oxide (NO) | venous blood | prediction | Yϋksel Totan et al.J Ophthalmic Vis Res . 2015 |
| lower levels of eGFR | machine | prognosis | Man, Ryan Eyn Kidd et al.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science vol. 2015 |
| raised HbA1c | machine | prognosis | Leese, G.Eye (London, England) vol. 2004 |
| N-epsilon-carboxy methyl lysine (CML) | blood | prognosis | Boehm, B O et alDiabetologia vol. 2004 |
| microalbuminuria | machine | prognosis | Singh, S K et al. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India vol.2001 |
| serum N(ε)-Carboxy methyl lysine | machine | prognosis | Mishra, Nibha et al.Journal of diabetes and its complications vol. 2016 |
| urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine | blood | diagnosis | Dong, Q Y et al. European journal of ophthalmology vol. 2008 |
| microalbuminuria | urine | diagnosis | E Sobngwi et al. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1999 |
| urinary albumin excretion (UAE) | urine | prediction | S Savage et al. Diabetes Care. 1996 |
| N-epsilon-carboxy methyl lysine (N(ε)-CML) | Blood | prediction | Nibha Mishra et al. J Diabetes Complications. 2016 |
| 3,4 dihydroxybutyric acid (3,4-DHBA) | Blood | Viktor Rotbain Curovic et al. Diabetes. 2020 | |
| glutathione levels in leukocytes | Blood | prediction | Yabana T et al.PLoS One. 2019 |
| glucose-1-phosphate | Blood | prediction | Pan CW et al.BMC Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| methylmalonic acid | Blood | prediction | Pan CW et al.BMC Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| spermidine 2 | Blood | prediction | Pan CW et al.BMC Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| N-cyclohexylformamide 1 | Blood | prediction | Pan CW et al.BMC Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| sorbitol | Blood | prediction | Pan CW et al.BMC Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| biotin | Blood | prediction | Pan CW et al.BMC Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| pelargonic acid | Blood | prediction | Pan CW et al.BMC Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid 2 | Blood | prediction | Pan CW et al.BMC Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| mannose 1 | Blood | prediction | Pan CW et al.BMC Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| d-erythronolactone 2 | Blood | prediction | Pan CW et al.BMC Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| dehydroascorbic acid 2 | Blood | prediction | Pan CW et al.BMC Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| ribitol | Blood | prediction | Pan CW et al.BMC Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| D-Talose 1 | Blood | prediction | Pan CW et al.BMC Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| plasma citrate levels | Blood | prediction | Fraenkl SA et al.J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2011 |
| advanced glycation end products (AGEs) | Blood | prediction | Schweitzer C et al.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018 |
| malondialdehyde (MDA) | Blood | prediction | Nucci C et al.Mol Vis. 2013 |
| total antioxidant capacity (TAC) | Blood | prediction | Nucci C et al.Mol Vis. 2013 |
| total antioxidant status (TAS) | blood | diagnosis | Abu-Amero KK,BMC Res Notes. 2014 |
| cyclic AMP | celluar | diagnosis | Tang Y, Front Pharmacol. 2021 |
| 2-methylbenzoic acid | celluar | diagnosis | Tang Y, Front Pharmacol. 2021 |
| 3'-sialyllactose | celluar | diagnosis | Tang Y, Front Pharmacol. 2021 |
| N-lac-phe | celluar | diagnosis | Tang Y, Front Pharmacol. 2021 |
| ADORA3 | tissue | diagnosis | Ziyu ZhouZiyu Zhou et al.Ann Transl Med . 2021 |
| 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | blood | prediction | Altaf A Kondkar et al.J Ophthalmol . 2020 |
| glycine | machine | prediction | Xueli Chen et al.Mol Vis . 2019 |
| MMP-9 | tissue | diagnosis | Anna Zaleska-Żmijewska et al.J Ophthalmol . 2019 Apr |
| angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4 ) | Aqueous Humor | diagnosis/treatment | Jong Ho Kim et al,Retina . 2018 |
| placental growth factor (PLGF) | Blood plasma | prediction | Zygoula Ioanna et al,Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2018 |
| F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) | urine samples | prediction | Charumathi Sabanayagam，et al,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2017 |
| dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) | Plasma | prediction | Fangfang Qiu et al,Sci Rep . 2017 |
| inflammation marker C-X-C chemokine receptor 2 | Fresh-drawn venous blood | prediction | Marie Krogh Nielsen et al,Immun Ageing . 2017 |
| plasma n3 fatty acids | Plasma | prediction | Bénédicte M J Merle et al.J Nutr . 2013 |
| skin autofluorescence (sAF) | machine | prediction | Cedric Schweitzer et al.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2018 |
| biological antioxidant potential (BAP) | Blood | prediction | Asano Y et al.Sci Rep. 2017 |
| total antioxidant status (TAS) | Blood | prediction | Abu-Amero KK et al.Curr Eye Res. 2013 |
| nitric oxide (NO) | Tissue | prediction | Doganay S et al.Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002 |
| microalbuminuria | uria | prognosis | Cruickshanks, K J et al. Ophthalmology vol. 1993 |
| blood pressure | machine | prognosis | Saif, A et al.Endocrine regulations vol. 2014 |
| GSH | machine | prognosis | Kundu, Dipankar et al. Annals of African medicine vol. 2014 |
| MDA | machine | prognosis | Kundu, Dipankar et al. Annals of African medicine vol. 2014 |
| pentosidine | machine | prognosis | Salman, Abdelrahman Gaber et al. Ophthalmic research vol. 2009 |
| hydrogen sulfide (H2S) | the aqueous humor (AH) | Yuyi Han et al. Int Ophthalmol. 2020 | |
| glucose-age serum levels | Blood | diagnosis | K Koga et al. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res.2002 |
| sialic acid | urine | progression | K Suzuki et al. Diabet Med. 1995 |
| N-epsilon-carboxy methyl lysine (CML) | serum samples | prediction | B O Boehm，Diabetologia . 2004 |
| plasma semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) | serum samples | prediction | Soo Hyun Kwon，Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2016 |
| acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase | serum | diagnosis | S Hayasaka et al.Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1977 |
| the serum concentration of antioxidant microelements-zinc, selenium | serum | prediction | Monika Fedor et al.Biol Trace Elem Res . 2017 |
| the serum concentration of Cu/Zn ratio | serum | prediction | Monika Fedor et al.Biol Trace Elem Res . 2017 |
| reactive oxygen species (ROS) | machine | prognosis | Tanuj Dada et al.J Glaucoma . 2018 |
| nitrotyrosine levels | tissue | prognosis | Raquel Fernández-Durango Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2008 |
| plasma citrate concentration | blood | diagnosis | Marta Michalczuk BMJ Paediatr Open . 2017 |
| 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | blood | prognosis | Altaf A Kondkar J Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| hydrogen sulfide (H2S) | blood | diagnosis | Zhongjing Lin J Ocul Pharmacol Ther . 2020 |
| homocysteine (Hcy) | blood | diagnosis | Zhongjing Lin J Ocul Pharmacol Ther . 2020 |
| L-cysteine (Cys) | blood | diagnosis | Zhongjing Lin J Ocul Pharmacol Ther . 2020 |
| relative DNA hypomethylation of Alu | blood | prognosis | Sunee Chansangpetch J Ophthalmol . 2018 |
| relative DNA hypermethylation of HERV-K | blood | prognosis | Sunee Chansangpetch J Ophthalmol . 2018 |
| heparan sulfate (HS) | blood | diagnosis | Vesna D Maric PeerJ . 2019 |
| chondroitin sulfate (CS) | blood | diagnosis | Vesna D Maric PeerJ . 2019 |
| the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) | blood | diagnosis | Marta Aranaz Anal Bioanal Chem . 2021 |
| P level | blood | diagnosis | Marta Aranaz Anal Bioanal Chem . 2021 |
| mg level | blood | diagnosis | Marta Aranaz Anal Bioanal Chem . 2021 |
| the Zn isotopic composition | blood | diagnosis | Marta Aranaz Anal Bioanal Chem . 2021 |
| asymmetric dimethyloarginin or dimethylarginin (ADMA) | aqueous | prognosis | Dimitrios G Mikropoulos Curr Eye Res . 2013 |
| albuminuria | tissue | prognosis | Gyu Ah Kim PLoS One . 2016 |
| cortisol | machine | prognosis | Tanuj Dada et al.J Glaucoma . 2018 |
| Serum magnesium | cases | diagnosis | Xing, Baodi et al.Biological trace element research,2021 |
| N-epsilon-carboxy methyl lysine (CML) | blood | prognosis | Hernández, Cristina et al.Journal of clinical medicine vol. 2020 |
| n-6 PUFAs | machine | prognosis | Li, Ju-Shuang et al.Endocrine connections vol. 2020 |
| serum uric acid | blood | prognosis | Hu, Yanan et al. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science vol. 2021 |
| advanced glycation end products (AGEs) | machine | prognosis | Ying, Lingwen et al. Diabetes research and clinical practice, vol. 2021 |
| serum total bilirubin concentration (STBC) | machine | prognosis | Zhang, Dan et al.International journal of endocrinology vol.2018 |
| 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | urine | diagnosis | Dean P Hainsworth et al. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| 1,5-anhydroglucitol | Serum | W J Kim et al. Diabet Med. 2012 | |
| pentosidine | Serum | Mohsen Kerkeni et al. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2013 | |
| advanced glycation end products (AGEs) | Serum | diagnosis | Y Aso et al. Acta Diabetol. 2000 |
| S100A12 | serum samples | prediction | Ning Dong，Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2015 |
| uric acid | sample | prediction | Hadeel Ahmed Shawki，Diabetol Int . 2020 |
| SdLDL-C | sample | treatment | Atsuko Nakayama，J Atheroscler Thromb . 2021 |
| magnesium | serum samples | progression | Dipankar Kundu 1，J Nat Sci Biol Med . 2013 |
| cortisol | serum samples | progression | Akshay Mohan，Mol Vis . 2021 |
| malondialdehyde (MDA) | Ramachandran Kaliaperumal et al.Biol Trace Elem Res . 2021 | ||
| glycine | aqueous humor (AH) | treatment | Xueli Chen et al.Mol Vis . 2019 |
| urea | aqueous humor (AH) | treatment | Xueli Chen et al.Mol Vis . 2019 |
| phenylalanine | aqueous humor (AH) | treatment | Xueli Chen et al.Mol Vis . 2019 |
| MCP-1 | aqueous humor (AH) | prognosis | Minghang Pei et al.Curr Eye Res . 2019 |
| endothelin-1 (ET-1) | venous blood | prediction | Yϋksel Totan et al.J Ophthalmic Vis Res . 2015 |
| nitric oxide (NO) | venous blood | prediction | Yϋksel Totan et al.J Ophthalmic Vis Res . 2015 |
| homocysteine and asymmetrical dimethyl-l-arginine (ADMA) | Plasma | prediction | Antonio Pinna et al.Curr Eye Res . 2016 |
| eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | serum | prediction | Bénédicte M J Merle et al.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2014 |
| tHcy | Plasma | prediction | Rima Obeid et al.Clin Chem Lab Med . 2013 |
| plasma n3 fatty acids | Plasma | prediction | Bénédicte M J Merle et al.J Nutr . 2013 |
| glutathione | blood | prediction | Milam A Brantley Jr et al.Am J Ophthalmol . 2012 |
| isoprostane | blood | prediction | Milam A Brantley Jr et al.Am J Ophthalmol . 2012 |
| skin autofluorescence (sAF) | machine | prediction | Cedric Schweitzer et al.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2018 |
| 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | blood | prognosis | Altaf A Kondkar J Ophthalmol. 2019 |
| advanced glycation end products (AGEs) | blood | diagnosis | Yuji Takayanagi .Antioxidants (Basel) . 2020 |
| different combination of metabolic syndrome components | machine | prediction | JunSeok Son .BMC Ophthalmol . 2016 |