159 Biomarkers
| Biomarker | Source | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) | prediction | Mengmei He et al. Acta Ophthalmol. 2021 | |
| hypomagnesaemia | Ramachandran Kaliaperumal et al.Biol Trace Elem Res . 2021 | ||
| juvenile-onset idiopathic bilateral cataracts | diagnosis | Sharon F Freedman et al.JAMA Ophthalmol . 2019 | |
| IL-6 | blood | prediction | Sadaf Hamid et al,Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2016 Oct. |
| IL-8 | blood | prediction | Sadaf Hamid et al,Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2016 Oct. |
| TNF-α | blood | prediction | Sadaf Hamid et al,Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2016 Oct. |
| a cumulative prednisone dose | calculated based on the the actual past medical records and updated at each follow-up visi | prediction | Khaled Alderaan et al,Rheumatol Int . 2015 |
| SLE activity | prediction | Khaled Alderaan et al,Rheumatol Int . 2015 | |
| higher systolic blood pressure | electronic reading machine | prediction | Khaled Alderaan et al,Rheumatol Int . 2015 |
| AG | blood | prediction | Laura P Cohen et al,Digit J Ophthalmol . 2014 |
| IL-6, IL-8 | tear | prognosis | Fodor, Mariann et al. Ophthalmic research vol. 2006 |
| interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL-8) | tear | prognosis | Fodor, Mariann et al. Ophthalmic research vol. 2006 |
| IL-6 | blood | diagnosis | Marie Krogh Nielsen et al.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2019 |
| hay fever | 2005 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | Eye Contact Lens. 2017 | |
| outdoor occupation | machine | diagnosis | Durkin, S R et al.The British journal of ophthalmology vol.2008 |
| subclinical diabetic macular edema (SCME) | diagnosis | Conceição Lobo et al. Ophthalmic Res. 2018 | |
| microalbuminuria | urine | diagnosis | Masoud R Manaviat et al. BMC Ophthalmol. 2004 |
| cognitive function | diagnosis | Marina Trento et al. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2017 | |
| TNF-α | blood | diagnosis | Sankarathi Balaiya et al.Clin Ophthalmol . 2011 |
| body mass index (BMI) | machine | prediction | R J Glynn et al.Arch Ophthalmol . 1995 |
| subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM) | machine | prediction | Divya Alex et al.Indian J Ophthalmol . 2021 |
| myopia | machine | prediction | Mary Qiu et al,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2013 |
| skin autofluorescence (AF) | skin | diagnosis | Mulder, D J et al. The British journal of ophthalmology vol. 2010 |
| plasma-soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) | blood | progression | Jiang, Shunai et al. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science vol.2008 |
| clinically significant macular edema (CSME) | prognosis | Hirai, Flavio E et al. American journal of ophthalmology vol. 2008 | |
| congenital cataract | preoperative medical records | treatment | Xiangjia Zhu et al.Curr Eye Res . 2019 |
| YKL-40 | Aqueous humor and serum | prognosis | Tansu Gonen et al.Eye (Lond) . 2019 |
| neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio | blood | diagnosis | Ilhan, Cagri et al. Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia vol.2020 |
| serum levels of pro-inflammatory factors | blood | treatment | Brito, Pedro et al.Acta ophthalmologica vol.2020 |
| subclinical diabetic macular edema (SCME) | machine | prognosis | Lobo, Conceição et al.Ophthalmic research vol.2018 |
| neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) | machine | prognosis | Kurtul, Bengi Ece, and Pinar Altiaylik Ozer. Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO vol. 2016 |
| Serum magnesium | Serum samples | diagnosis | Aradhana Sharma，J Indian Med Assoc .2007 |
| platelet indices (MPI) | serum samples | prognosis | Tolga Yilmaz,J Ophthalmol . 2016 |
| mean platelet volume (MPV) | serum samples | prognosis | Halil Ibrahim Onder,Indian J Ophthalmol . 2013 |
| skin autofluorescence (AF) | machine | prediction | Keiji Yoshioka，Diabetes Ther . 2018 |
| neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) | Blood | prediction | Sena Memnune Ulu et al. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013 |
| the ratio of glycated albumin to HbA1c (GA/HbA1c ratio) | Blood | prediction | Yutaka Umayahara et al. Clin Biochem. 2017 |
| heart rate elevation | Blood | prediction | E Imano et al. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001 |
| wall shear stress (WSS) | Blood | diagnosis | Maziyar M Khansari et al. Sci Rep. 2017 |
| interleukin-6 | serum | prediction | Zuhal Yildirim et al,Int J Ophthalmol . 2013 |
| cataract | prediction | D L Cohen,et al,Diabet Med . 1990 Aug | |
| IL-1β | plasma | prediction | Yousif Subhi et al,Acta Ophthalmol . 2019 Feb |
| IL-6 | plasma | prediction | Yousif Subhi et al,Acta Ophthalmol . 2019 Feb |
| IL-8 | plasma | prediction | Yousif Subhi et al,Acta Ophthalmol . 2019 Feb |
| IL-10 | plasma | prediction | Yousif Subhi et al,Acta Ophthalmol . 2019 Feb |
| TNF-R2 | plasma | prediction | Yousif Subhi et al,Acta Ophthalmol . 2019 Feb |
| IL-1β | plasma | prediction | Yousif Subhi et al,Acta Ophthalmol . 2019 Feb |
| IL-6 | plasma | prediction | Yousif Subhi et al,Acta Ophthalmol . 2019 Feb |
| IL-10 | plasma | prediction | Yousif Subhi et al,Acta Ophthalmol . 2019 Feb |
| bone mineral density (BMD) | body | diagnosis | Seitzman, Robin L et al. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society vol.2007 |
| circulating white blood cell (WBC) | blood | prediction | Shankar, Anoop et al. American journal of epidemiology vol. 2007 |
| intraretinal cysts (IRC) | machine | prognosis | Markus Ritter et al.Br J Ophthalmol . 2014 |
| IL-1α | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| IL-1β | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| IL-4 | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| IL-5 | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| IL-10 | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| IL13 | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| IL-17 | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| TNF-α | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) | machine | prediction | Nilufer Ilhan et al.Ocul Immunol Inflamm . 2015 |
| IL-6 | treatment | Kakarla V Chalam et al.J Ophthalmol . 2014 | |
| IL-6 | blood | prognosis | Shimizu, Erika et al. Japanese journal of ophthalmology vol.2002 |
| posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) | blood | prognosis | Shimizu, Erika et al. Japanese journal of ophthalmology vol.2002 |
| hard exudates (HE) | machine | prognosis | Litvin, Taras V et al.Journal of diabetes science and technology vol. 2015 |
| hyperreflective foci (HF) | machine | prognosis | Chatziralli, Irini P et al.Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) vol.2016 |
| cystoid macular oedema | machine | prognosis | Guthoff, R et al. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde vol.2011 |
| clinically significant macular edema (CSME) | machine | prognosis | Hirai, Flavio E et al.American journal of ophthalmology vol. 2008 |
| subclinical diabetic macular edema (SCME) | machine | prognosis | Pires, Isabel et al.Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde vol.2013 |
| obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) | blood/machine | prognosis | West, S D et al.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association vol. 2010 |
| poor glycaemic control | machine | prognosis | Voutilainen-Kaunisto, R et al. Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica vol.2001 |
| serum sialic acid | blood | prognosis | Crook, M A et al.Diabetes care vol. 1993 |
| duration of diabetes | machine | prognosis | Leese, G.Eye (London, England) vol. 2004 |
| raised systolic blood pressure | machine | prognosis | Leese, G.Eye (London, England) vol. 2004 |
| cataract | machine | prognosis | Buch, H et al. Ophthalmology vol. 2001 |
| AMD | machine | prognosis | Buch, H et al. Ophthalmology vol. 2001 |
| pericyte status | machine | prognosis | Zoroquiain, Pablo et al.Ophthalmic research vol. 2016 |
| diabetic retinopathy (DR) | machine | prognosis | Son, Jang-Won et al.Diabetes research and clinical practice vol.2011 |
| impairment of colour vision (ICV) | machine | prognosis | Gella, Laxmi et al. PloS one vol.2015 |
| left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction | machine | diagnosis | Takeda, Yasuharu et al. Journal of cardiac failure vol. 2011 |
| severe hypoglycaemia | machine | prognosis | Tanaka, S et al.Diabetes & metabolism vol.2017 |
| pulse pressure | prediction | Masahiko Yamamoto et al. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 | |
| skin autofluorescence (AF) | Skin | prediction | Saeko Osawa et al. J Diabetes Complications. 2018 |
| IL-4 | Tissue | prediction | Burgos-Blasco B et al.Acta Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| IL-12 | Tissue | prediction | Burgos-Blasco B et al.Acta Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| IL-15 | Tissue | prediction | Burgos-Blasco B et al.Acta Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| IL-6 | Blood | prediction | Kovacs K et al.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015 |
| IL-8 | Blood | prediction | Kovacs K et al.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015 |
| increased erythrocyte aggregation | Blood | prediction | Kilic-Toprak E et al.Clin Exp Optom. 2016 |
| posterior staphyloma | Tissue | prediction | Wang SW,Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2021 |
| neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) | Blood | prediction | Bengi Ece Kurtul et al,Korean J Ophthalmol . 2016 |
| cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) | machine | prediction | Hikari Taniguchi et al.J Atheroscler Thromb . 2013 |
| TNF-α | plasma | prediction | Altaf A Kondkar et al.Clin Ophthalmol . 2018 |
| baseline age | age | prediction | Miglior S et al.Ophthalmology. 2007 |
| bone lead | tissue | diagnosis | Wang W,Environ Health Perspect. 2018 |
| peripapillary atrophy | tissue | prognosis | Uchida H,Ophthalmology. 1998 |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | cellular | treatment | Peters JC, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015 |
| poor glycaemic control | machine | prognosis | Voutilainen-Kaunisto, R et al. Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica vol. 2001 |
| variability in systolic blood pressure (SBP) | machine | prognosis | Takao, Toshiko et al. Journal of diabetes and its complications vol. 2014 |
| subclinical macular edema | machine | prognosis | Pires, Isabel et al. Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde vol.2103 |
| myopia | machine | prognosis | Qiu, Mary et al.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science vol. 2013 |
| hyperopia | machine | prognosis | Kim, M K et al. Eye (London, England) vol. 2015 |
| very low birth weight (VLBW) | machine | prognosis | Hellgren, Kerstin et al.Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus vol.2009 |
| myopic procedures | databse | prognosis | Schallhorn, Julie M et al.Ophthalmology vol. 2015 |
| smoking | machine | diagnosis | Zanon-Moreno, Vicente et al. Molecular vision vol. 2009 |
| reticular macular disease (RMD) | Via our electronic health record system | prognosis | Leisy, Heather B et al.Ophthalmology. Retina vol.2017 |
| diabetic dermopathy | machine | prognosis | Abdollahi, Ali et al. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 2007 |
| diabetic retinopathy (DR) | machine | prognosis | El-Menyar, Ayman et al. Current medical research and opinion vol. |
| HbA1c, MDA, GSH in erythrocytes, and vitamin C levels | machine | prognosis | Kundu, Dipankar et al. Annals of African medicine vol. 2014 |
| MDA, GSH in erythrocytes, and vitamin C levels | machine | prognosis | Kundu, Dipankar et al. Annals of African medicine vol. 2014 |
| vitamin C levels | machine | prognosis | Kundu, Dipankar et al. Annals of African medicine vol. 2014 |
| microalbuminuria | machine | diagnosis | Bertelsen, Geir et al.Acta ophthalmologica vol. 2013 |
| retinopathy | machine | prognosis | El-Asrar, A M et al. International ophthalmology vol.2001 |
| the duration of diabetes | prediction | Rajiv Raman et al. Ophthalmology. 2009 | |
| IL-8 | sample | prognosis | Tessy Xavier ，Indian J Ophthalmol . 2021 |
| IL-6 | serum samples | prediction | Erika Shimizu，Jpn J Ophthalmol .2002 |
| state of the PVD | tissue | prediction | Erika Shimizu，Jpn J Ophthalmol .2002 |
| moderate-to- late preterm (MLP) | machine | prediction | Lina Raffa et al.Acta Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| amblyopia | machine | prognosis | Hande Guclu et al.Pak J Med Sci . Jul-Aug 2015 |
| CD4T-cells counts. | tissue | diagnosis | Michael Osita Emina et al.Optom Vis Sci . 2010 |
| the oral microbiome | tissue | prediction | Daniel Polla J Glaucoma . 2017 |
| total antioxidant capacity (TAC) | machine | prognosis | Tanuj Dada et al.J Glaucoma . 2018 |
| the duration of diabetes | blood | prediction | Sheetal Dharmadhikari Oman J Ophthalmol . Jan-Apr 2015 |
| chronic kidney disease | machine | prediction | Richard Luke Ford J Glaucoma . 2021 |
| iris depigmentation | prediction | Ka Wai Kam Ocul Immunol Inflamm . 2021 | |
| metabolic syndrome (MetS) | investigation | prediction | Yu Hyeon Yi Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes . 2019 |
| IL6 | machine | prognosis | Tanuj Dada et al.J Glaucoma . 2018 |
| ankle-brachial index (ABI) | machinge | prognosis | Papanas, N et al.International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology vol. 2007 |
| laser flare intensity | M Ino-ue et al. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994 | ||
| cumulative glycaemia | Blood | diagnosis | I C Munch et al. Diabetologia. 2011 |
| estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) | blood; Urine | diagnosis | Ryan Eyn Kidd Man et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2015 |
| pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with internal limiting membrane (ILM) | presence of subretinal fluid (SRF) | prognosis | Matias Iglicki，PLoS One . 2018 |
| neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) | sample | prediction | Sachin Chittawar，Indian J Endocrinol Metab .2017 |
| hut microbial abundance | Fecal swabs | progression | Rehana Khan，Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2021 |
| erythrocyte membrane fluidity | tissue | progression | Giada Bianchetti，Eur J Clin Invest . 2021 |
| meuron-specific enolase level | serum samples | prediction | Zi-Wei Yu，Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes . 2020 |
| neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) | prediction | Mengmei He et al. Acta Ophthalmol. 2021 | |
| juvenile-onset idiopathic bilateral cataracts | diagnosis | Sharon F Freedman et al.JAMA Ophthalmol . 2019 | |
| congenital cataract | preoperative medical records | treatment | Xiangjia Zhu et al.Curr Eye Res . 2019 |
| IL-1α | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| IL-1β | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| vitreoretinal surgery | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| IL-5 | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| IL-10 | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| IL13 | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| IL-17 | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| TNF-α | whole blood | prediction | Khaled Nassar et al.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) | machine | prediction | Nilufer Ilhan et al.Ocul Immunol Inflamm . 2015 |
| IL-6 | treatment | Kakarla V Chalam et al.J Ophthalmol . 2014 | |
| cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) | machine | prediction | Hikari Taniguchi et al.J Atheroscler Thromb . 2013 |
| TNF-α | plasma | prediction | Altaf A Kondkar et al.Clin Ophthalmol . 2018 |
| increased erythrocyte aggregation | machine | prediction | Emine Kilic-Toprak et al. |
| TGF-β | blood | prediction | Guan Fook Ng et al.Open Ophthalmol J . 2015 |
| neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) | blood | prognosis | Onur Polat .Balkan Med J . 2015 |
| rate of bone spicule pigmentation appearance | machine | prognosis | Vitor K L Takahashi Am J Ophthalmol . 2018 |
| retinal detachment | analysis | prognosis | Shwu-Jiuan Sheu .Kaohsiung J Med Sci . 2004 |
| nuclear cataract | analysis | prediction | Ana M Suelves .J AAPOS . 2016 |
| gray matter volume (GMV) | tissue | diagnosis | Zhang S,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015 |
| cerebral blood flow (CBF) | tissue | diagnosis | Zhang S,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015 |