Diabetic Retinopathy
243 Biomarkers
| Biomarker | Category | Source | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pentraxin-3 (PTX3) | Protein | Undiluted AH samples | prediction | M Mutlu et al. Eye.2017 |
| RAGE | DNA | Venous blood specimens | diagnosis | H.M. Zhang J. Endocrinol. Invest, 2009 |
| AVR-BVC | Bio-imaging | machine | diagnosis | Minhaj Alam Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sc，2018 |
| spermine | Metabolite | vitreous humour | diagnosis | R Nicoletti Br J Ophthalmol 2003 |
| putrescine | Metabolite | vitreous humour | diagnosis | R Nicoletti Br J Ophthalmol 2003 |
| spermidine | Metabolite | vitreous humour | diagnosis | R Nicoletti Br J Ophthalmol 2003 |
| CTGF | mRNA | Tissue | diagnosis | E J Kuiper Br J Ophthalmol 2004 |
| miR-126 | miRNA | serum samples | diagnosis | Federica Barutta,Acta Diabetol,2017 |
| microalbuminuria | Symptom | urine | diagnosis | Masoud R Manaviat et al. BMC Ophthalmol. 2004 |
| cognitive function | Other | diagnosis | Marina Trento et al. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2017 | |
| white dots | Bio-imaging | Machine | diagnosis | Yoko Dodo et al. PLoS One. 2016 |
| retinal hyperreflective foci | Eye measures | machine | prognosis/treatment | Schreur, Vivian et al. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) vol.2020 |
| microaneurysm turnover | Eye measures | machine | prognosis | Pappuru, Rajeev K R et al.The British journal of ophthalmology vol. 2019 |
| fractal dimension (FD) | Eye measures | machine | prognosis | Fan, Wenying et al.American journal of ophthalmology vol.2020 |
| choroidal vascularity index (CVI) | Eye measures | machine | prognosis | Gupta, Chanda et al.PloS one vol.2018 |
| body mass index (BMI) | Metabolite | tissue | diagnosis | Man, Ryan Eyn Kidd et al.JAMA ophthalmology vol. 2016 |
| waist to hip ratio (WHR) | Metabolite | tissue | diagnosis | Man, Ryan Eyn Kidd et al.JAMA ophthalmology vol. 2016 |
| AVR-BVC | Bio-imaging | machine | diagnosis | Minhaj Alam Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sc，2018 |
| PAL-E | Protein | Tissue | diagnosis | E J Kuiper Br J Ophthalmol 2004 |
| miR-126 | miRNA | serum samples | diagnosis | Federica Barutta,Acta Diabetol,2017 |
| 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | Metabolite | urinary | prediction | Takeshi Nishikawa，Diabetes Care .2003 |
| Serum magnesium | Blood measures | Serum samples | diagnosis | Aradhana Sharma，J Indian Med Assoc .2007 |
| total serum sialic acid levels | Metabolite | blood and urine sample | diagnosis | M A Crook，Diabetes Care . 1993 |
| NLRP3 | DNA | tissue | diagnosis | Hui Chen，Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2020 |
| TGFB1 | DNA | tissue | diagnosis | Hui Chen，Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2020 |
| CCL2 | DNA | tissue | diagnosis | Hui Chen，Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2020 |
| hypomethylation of NLRP3, TGFB1, CCL2, and TNFSF5 | DNA methylation | tissue | diagnosis | Hui Chen，Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2020 |
| platelet indices (MPI) | Blood measures | serum samples | prognosis | Tolga Yilmaz,J Ophthalmol . 2016 |
| skin autofluorescence (AF) | Other | machine | prediction | Keiji Yoshioka，Diabetes Ther . 2018 |
| 5-hydroxymethylcytosines | Metabolite | tissue | diagnosis | Liyuan Han，Genomics . 2021 |
| angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | DNA | serum samples | prediction | I Degirmenci，Int J Clin Prac,2005 |
| US detection of MAC | Bio-imaging | machine | diagnosis | Kin Hung Liu,Radiology . 2012 |
| urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) | Metabolite | urine | prediction | F A Ganjifrockwala et al. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017 |
| serum uric acid levels | Metabolite | Serum | prediction | Hirohito Kuwata et al. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2017 |
| TUBD1 mRNA isoform expression profile | mRNA | Blood | prediction | Vanessa Villegas-Ruiz et al. Exp Eye Res. 2017 |
| neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) | Blood measures | Blood | prediction | Sena Memnune Ulu et al. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013 |
| aqueous levels of angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) | Protein | aqueous humor | Soo Hyun Kwon et al. Ophthalmology. 2015 | |
| hyperreflective foci (HF) | Bio-imaging | Tissue | diagnosis | Umberto De Benedetto et al. Retina. 2015 |
| retinal oximetry | Bio-imaging | retina | diagnosis | Y Yang et al. Diabet Med. 2012 |
| extrafoveal avascular area (EAA) | Bio-imaging | Eye | diagnosis | Yansha Lu et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018 |
| copeptin | Protein | Blood | diagnosis | Qi Zhao et al. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017 |
| serum neuron-specific enolase | Protein | Blood | diagnosis | J Li et al. Diabet Med. 2015 |
| the ratio of glycated albumin to HbA1c (GA/HbA1c ratio) | Blood measures | Blood | prediction | Yutaka Umayahara et al. Clin Biochem. 2017 |
| heart rate elevation | Other | Blood | prediction | E Imano et al. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001 |
| tear proteins | Protein | Tear | diagnosis | Hyun-Jung Kim et al. Clin Biochem. 2012 |
| wall shear stress (WSS) | Other | Blood | diagnosis | Maziyar M Khansari et al. Sci Rep. 2017 |
| ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness | Eye measures | Eye | diagnosis | Hyung Bin Lim et al. Optom Vis Sci. 2018 |
| osteopontin (OPN) | Protein | Blood | diagnosis | Xiao Zhang et al. Mol Vis. 2018 |
| one-hour plasma glucose | Metabolite | Blood | prediction | Ethan Paddock et al. Diabetes Care. 2018 |
| two-hour plasma glucose | Metabolite | Blood | prediction | Ethan Paddock et al. Diabetes Care. 2018 |
| retinal vascular tortuosity | Eye measures | retina | diagnosis | M B Sasongko et al. Diabetologia. 2011 |
| sIL-6R | Protein | blood | diagnosis | Kawashima, Miwako et al. Japanese journal of ophthalmology vol. 2007 |
| N-epsilon-carboxy methyl lysine (CML) | Metabolite | blood | progression | Boehm, B O et al. Diabetologia vol. 2004 |
| microaneurysm (MA) | Bio-imaging | machine | prognosis | Rasmussen, M L et al. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie vol. 2015 |
| lower levels of eGFR | Metabolite | machine | prognosis | Man, Ryan Eyn Kidd et al.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science vol. 2015 |
| microaneurysm (MA) formation rate | Eye measures | machine | prognosis | Haritoglou, Christos et al.Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) vol. 2014 |
| neuron-specific enolase | Protein | blood/machine | diagnosis | Li, J et al.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association vol. 2015 |
| soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R) | Protein | vitreous | diagnosis | Kawashima, Miwako et al. Japanese journal of ophthalmology vol. 2007 |
| obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) | Other | blood/machine | prognosis | West, S D et al.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association vol. 2010 |
| high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) | Bio-imaging | machine | prognosis | Byeon, Suk Ho et al. Ophthalmology vol.2009 |
| N-epsilon-carboxy methyl lysine (CML) | Metabolite | blood | prognosis | Boehm, B O et alDiabetologia vol. 2004 |
| pericyte status | Other | machine | prognosis | Zoroquiain, Pablo et al.Ophthalmic research vol. 2016 |
| leucine-rich-α2-glycoprotein (LRG1) | Protein | blood | prognosis | Chen, Chong et al. Acta ophthalmologica vol. 2019 |
| impairment of colour vision (ICV) | Disease | machine | prognosis | Gella, Laxmi et al. PloS one vol.2015 |
| serum laminin-P1 | Protein | blood | diagnosis | Masmiquel, L et al. American journal of ophthalmology vol. 2000 |
| microalbuminuria | Metabolite | machine | prognosis | Singh, S K et al. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India vol.2001 |
| haemoglobin FDP-lysine | Protein | blood | prognosis | Zhang, X et al. Diabetologia vol. 2008 |
| serum N(ε)-Carboxy methyl lysine | Metabolite | machine | prognosis | Mishra, Nibha et al.Journal of diabetes and its complications vol. 2016 |
| mannose-binding lectin (MBL) | Protein | machine | prognosis | Man, Xuejing et al. Journal of diabetes and its complications vol.2105 |
| left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction | Other | machine | diagnosis | Takeda, Yasuharu et al. Journal of cardiac failure vol. 2011 |
| severe hypoglycaemia | Disease | machine | prognosis | Tanaka, S et al.Diabetes & metabolism vol.2017 |
| lipoprotein (a) | Protein | blood | prognosis | Yun, Jae-Seung et al. Journal of clinical lipidology vol. 2016 |
| urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine | Metabolite | blood | diagnosis | Dong, Q Y et al. European journal of ophthalmology vol. 2008 |
| serum glycated albumin (GA) | Protein | blood | diagnosis | Jeon, Won Seon et al.Diabetes research and clinical practice vol. 2016 |
| the fractal dimension in the deep retinal capillary layer | Eye measures | machine | prediction | Chen, Qi et al.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science vol. 2017 |
| aldose reductase (ALR) enzyme | Protein | anterior lens capsule | diagnosis | Amr S Bessa et al.J Cataract Refract Surg. 2018 |
| intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) | Protein | anterior lens capsule | diagnosis | Amr S Bessa et al.J Cataract Refract Surg. 2018 |
| vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | Protein | anterior lens capsule | diagnosis | Amr S Bessa et al.J Cataract Refract Surg. 2018 |
| microalbuminuria | Metabolite | urine | diagnosis | E Sobngwi et al. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1999 |
| urinary albumin excretion (UAE) | Metabolite | urine | prediction | S Savage et al. Diabetes Care. 1996 |
| miR-21 | miRNA | Plasma | diagnosis | Qi Jiang et al. Biosci Rep . 2017 |
| serum mannose-binding lectin | Protein | Serous | diagnosis | Peiliang Geng et al.Diabetes Care . 2015 |
| soluble LR11 (sLR11) | Protein | vitreous; serum | diagnosis | Jie Ding et al. Clin Exp Optom. 2012 |
| angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL-8) | Protein | Vitreous | diagnosis | Qianyi Lu et al. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol.2017 |
| microaneurysm turnover | Eye measures | Eye | Sandrina Nunes et al. Ophthalmologica. 2009 | |
| vascular density(VD) | Eye measures | retina | diagnosis | Fariba Ghassemi et al. BMC Ophthalmol. 2021 |
| disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL) | Eye measures | retina | diagnosis | Katherine A Joltikov et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018 |
| Ephrin-A1 | Protein | Blood | Danna Mao et al. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020 | |
| transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) | Protein | Blood | diagnosis/prognosis | Vincenza Bonfiglio et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 |
| hyperreflective foci (HF) | Bio-imaging | Eye | prognosis | Vivian Schreur et al. Retina. 2020 |
| retinal blood oxygen saturation | Eye measures | retina | Faryan Tayyari et al. Acta Ophthalmol. 2019 | |
| pentraxin-3 (PTX3) | Protein | Blood | Khaled A Elbana et al. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019 | |
| lncRNA-ANRIL | lncRNA | blood; aqueous humour; vitreous fluid | prediction | ShuZe Chen et al. Acta Diabetol. 2020 |
| miR-211 | miRNA | Serum | He-Nan Liu et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018 | |
| N-epsilon-carboxy methyl lysine (N(ε)-CML) | Metabolite | Blood | prediction | Nibha Mishra et al. J Diabetes Complications. 2016 |
| pulse pressure | Other | prediction | Masahiko Yamamoto et al. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 | |
| leucine-rich-α-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) | Protein | Blood | prediction | Xiao Zhang et al. J Diabetes Complications. 2019 |
| 3,4 dihydroxybutyric acid (3,4-DHBA) | Metabolite | Blood | Viktor Rotbain Curovic et al. Diabetes. 2020 | |
| insulin-like growth factor-1 | Protein | Blood | Premnath Raman et al. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila).2019 . | |
| choroidal vascularity index (CVI) | Eye measures | choroid | prediction | Valencia Hui Xian Foo et al. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020 |
| aqueous flare | Bio-imaging | retina | Tuna Celik Buyuktepe et al. Ophthalmologica. 2020 | |
| lipasin | Protein | Blood | Chen Fang et al. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016 | |
| skin autofluorescence (AF) | Other | Skin | prediction | Saeko Osawa et al. J Diabetes Complications. 2018 |
| antimyeloperoxidase antibody | Protein | Blood | Shivani Sinha et al. J Diabetes Complications.2016 | |
| glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1) | Protein | machine | prognosis | Janghorbani, M et al.Ophthalmic epidemiology vol.2000 |
| microalbuminuria | Metabolite | uria | prognosis | Cruickshanks, K J et al. Ophthalmology vol. 1993 |
| retinal venular | Eye measures | machine | prognosis | Torp, Thomas Lee et al.The British journal of ophthalmology vol. 2018 |
| AV global oxygen saturation | Eye measures | machine | prognosis | Torp, Thomas Lee et al.The British journal of ophthalmology vol. 2018 |
| plasma pentraxin 3 (PTX3) | Protein | machine | prognosis | Yang, Hyun Seung et al. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science vol. 2014 |
| mfERG IT | Eye measures | Tissue | prognosis | Harrison, Wendy W et al.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science vol. 2011 |
| plasma miR-93 | miRNA | blood | prognosis | Zou, Hui-Ling et al. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie vol. 2017 |
| mannose-binding lectin (MBL) | Protein | machine | prognosis | Huang, Qian et al.PloS one vol. 2015 |
| blood pressure | Metabolite | machine | prognosis | Saif, A et al.Endocrine regulations vol. 2014 |
| autofluorescence (AF) | Bio-imaging | machine | prognosis | Hirano, Takao et al.Journal of diabetes and its complications vol.2014 |
| diabetic dermopathy | Disease | machine | prognosis | Abdollahi, Ali et al. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 2007 |
| ENPP1 variants | DNA | machine | prognosis | Gohari-Lasaki, Sahar et al. International ophthalmology vol. 2020 |
| Lp-PLA 2 activity | Protein | Tissue | prognosis | Siddiqui, Moneeza K et al.Diabetologia vol. 2018 |
| circulating serum fatty acid-binding protein 4 | Protein | machine | prognosis | Zhang, Xian-Zhao et al. American journal of ophthalmology vol. 2018 |
| HbA1c | Protein | machine | prognosis | Kundu, Dipankar et al. Annals of African medicine vol. 2014 |
| GSH | Metabolite | machine | prognosis | Kundu, Dipankar et al. Annals of African medicine vol. 2014 |
| HbA1c, MDA, GSH in erythrocytes, and vitamin C levels | Other | machine | prognosis | Kundu, Dipankar et al. Annals of African medicine vol. 2014 |
| MDA | Metabolite | machine | prognosis | Kundu, Dipankar et al. Annals of African medicine vol. 2014 |
| MDA, GSH in erythrocytes, and vitamin C levels | Other | machine | prognosis | Kundu, Dipankar et al. Annals of African medicine vol. 2014 |
| vitamin C levels | Other | machine | prognosis | Kundu, Dipankar et al. Annals of African medicine vol. 2014 |
| pentosidine | Metabolite | machine | prognosis | Salman, Abdelrahman Gaber et al. Ophthalmic research vol. 2009 |
| angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | Protein | Plasma and aqueous humor | prognosis | Aydin, Erdinc et al.Current eye research vol. 2010 |
| autofluorescence (AF) | Bio-imaging | Corneal | Ramyaa Srinivasan et al.Nepal J Ophthalmol. 2020 | |
| adiponectin | Protein | Blood | Jane Z Kuo et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 | |
| CTRP3 | Protein | Blood | treatment | Zheyi Yan et al. PLoS One. 2017 |
| klotho | Protein | Blood | prediction | Antonella Corcillo et al. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2020 |
| miR-320a | miRNA | Blood | prediction | Marcelle SanJuan Ganem Prado et al. BMC Res Notes. 2020 |
| angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) | Protein | Blood | treatment | Cai-Guo Yu et al. Am J Ophthalmol . 2018 |
| disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL) | Bio-imaging | machine | treatment | Dinah Zur et al. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) | Protein | Blood | prediction | Laila Ben Lamine et al. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2020 |
| peripapillary retinal thickness | Bio-imaging | Eye | prediction/diagnosis | Hee Yoon Cho et al. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2010 |
| oxidative stress-responsive apoptosis-inducing protein (ORAIP) | Protein | vitreous body | diagnosis | Yuta Suzuki et al. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019 |
| serum ecSOD activity | Protein | Blood | diagnosis | Jin-Song Zhao et al. Dis Markers. 2018 |
| the duration of diabetes | Other | prediction | Rajiv Raman et al. Ophthalmology. 2009 | |
| pentraxin-3 (PTX3) | Protein | Aqueous humor | prognosis | M Mutlu et al. Eye (Lond). 2017 |
| hydrogen sulfide (H2S) | Metabolite | the aqueous humor (AH) | Yuyi Han et al. Int Ophthalmol. 2020 | |
| lipoprotein | Protein | Blood; Vitreous | N Morisaki et al. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994 | |
| glucose-age serum levels | Metabolite | Blood | diagnosis | K Koga et al. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res.2002 |
| microaneurysm (MA) | Eye measures | Eye | Christos Haritoglou et al. Retina. 2014 | |
| VDR | DNA | Xing Zhong et al. Gene. 2015 | ||
| toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) | Protein | Blood | prediction | Monika Buraczynska et al. Hum Immunol. 2009 |
| venous filling time (VFT) | Eye measures | Eye | prognosis | Yong Woo Kim et al. Korean J Ophthalmol . 2005 |
| fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) | Protein | Serum | prediction | Shi Jin et al. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021 |
| vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | Protein | vitreous fluid | prognosis | H Funatsu et al. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 |
| prorenin | Protein | Blood | prediction | Harumasa Yokota et al. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2011 |
| the short-wavelength-sensitive (SWS) | Eye measures | machine | prediction | Andreas Remky et al. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2003 |
| laminin-P1 (Lam-P1) | Protein | serum | L L Masmiquel et al. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999 | |
| vascular density(VD) | Bio-imaging | retina | prediction | Fariba Ghassemi et al. BMC Ophthalmol. 2021 |
| sialic acid | Metabolite | urine | progression | K Suzuki et al. Diabet Med. 1995 |
| retinal venular diameter | Bio-imaging | standard field retinal photographs | progression | Monique S Roy，Arch Ophthalmol ，2011 |
| VEGF | DNA | tissue | progression | Min-Young Chun，J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2010 |
| reduced ONH perfusion inside the optic disc | Bio-imaging | machine | diagnosis | Zijing Li，Acta Diabetol . 2019 |
| eNOS | DNA | tissue | diagnosis | Intissar Ezzidi，Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) . 2008 |
| a high microaneurysm formation rate | Bio-imaging | machine | progression | Sandrina Nunes，Ophthalmologica . 2009 |
| hepatocyte growth facto | Protein | serum samples | progression | Mariusz Nowak，Endokrynol Pol .2008 |
| IGF-I SDS | Protein | serum samples | progression | Daniel Öberg，Pediatr Diabetes . 2018 |
| TNF-alpha | Protein | tear fluids | diagnosis | C Mediators Inflamm . 2013 |
| EpoR | Protein | tissue | prognosis | Guiqin He，Ann Palliat Med . 2020 |
| LRP6 | Protein | tissue | diagnosis | Xinxiao Gao，Mol Vis . 2015 |
| sIL-6R | Protein | vitreous fluid | diagnosis | Miwako Kawashima，Jpn J Ophthalmol . 2007 |
| TNF-α | Protein | sample | diagnosis | Yang Yao，Clin Chim Acta . 2018 |
| Wnt3a | Protein | vitreous fluid | diagnosis | Xinxiao Retina . 2016 |
| N-epsilon-carboxy methyl lysine (CML) | Metabolite | serum samples | prediction | B O Boehm，Diabetologia . 2004 |
| perfusion index (PI) | Bio-imaging | tissue | progression | Alexander D Lin，Br J Ophthalmol . 2017 |
| a combinatorial molecular signature | DNA | serum samples | diagnosis | Jianbo Pan，Mol Vis . 2016 |
| fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) | Protein | serum samples | diagnosis | Alireza Esteghamati，Ann Endocrinol (Paris) . 2016 |
| plasma semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) | Metabolite | serum samples | prediction | Soo Hyun Kwon，Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2016 |
| vitreous sRAGE | Protein | sample | diagnosis | Makiko Katagiri ，Int Ophthalmol . 2017 |
| ischemia modified albumin (IMA) | Protein | serum samples | progression | Adem Turk，Retina . 2011 |
| microaneurysm (MA) count | Bio-imaging | machine | prediction | M L Rasmussen，Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 2015 |
| ischemia modified albumin (IMA) | Protein | blood | prognosis | Reddy, Varikasuvu Seshadri et al. Nepalese journal of ophthalmology : a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal of the Nepal Ophthalmic Society : NEPJOPH vol. 2015 |
| albumin adjusted-IMA (AAIMA) | Protein | blood | prognosis | Reddy, Varikasuvu Seshadri et al. Nepalese journal of ophthalmology : a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal of the Nepal Ophthalmic Society : NEPJOPH vol. 2015 |
| ankle-brachial index (ABI) | Other | machinge | prognosis | Papanas, N et al.International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology vol. 2007 |
| hsa-miR-495-3p | miRNA | blood | diagnosis | Mastropasqua, Rodolfo et al. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 2021 |
| hsa-miR-23a-3p | miRNA | blood | diagnosis | Mastropasqua, Rodolfo et al. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 2021 |
| hsa-miR-15a-5p | miRNA | blood | diagnosis | Mastropasqua, Rodolfo et al. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 2021 |
| N-epsilon-carboxy methyl lysine (CML) | Metabolite | blood | prognosis | Hernández, Cristina et al.Journal of clinical medicine vol. 2020 |
| n-6 PUFAs | Metabolite | machine | prognosis | Li, Ju-Shuang et al.Endocrine connections vol. 2020 |
| serum uric acid | Metabolite | blood | prognosis | Hu, Yanan et al. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science vol. 2021 |
| l-selectin | Protein | blood | prognosis | Pawłowski, Przemysław et al. Endokrynologia, diabetologia i choroby przemiany materii wieku rozwojowego : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Endokrynologow Dzieciecych vol. 2005 |
| nitrosylated proteins | Protein | blood | prognosis | Julius, U et al. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association vol. 2009 |
| radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) plexus density | Bio-imaging | machine | prognosis | Huang, Jianfeng et al.Journal of ophthalmology vol. 2020 |
| advanced glycation end products (AGEs) | Metabolite | machine | prognosis | Ying, Lingwen et al. Diabetes research and clinical practice, vol. 2021 |
| serum total bilirubin concentration (STBC) | Metabolite | machine | prognosis | Zhang, Dan et al.International journal of endocrinology vol.2018 |
| ACE | DNA | diagnosis | Abdolrahim Nikzamir et al. Ophthalmic Genet. 2010 | |
| inner retinal visual dysfunction | Eye measures | retina | Gregory R Jackson et al. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 | |
| 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | Metabolite | urine | diagnosis | Dean P Hainsworth et al. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020 |
| 1,5-anhydroglucitol | Metabolite | Serum | W J Kim et al. Diabet Med. 2012 | |
| pentosidine | Metabolite | Serum | Mohsen Kerkeni et al. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2013 | |
| laser flare intensity | Therapy | M Ino-ue et al. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994 | ||
| apolipoprotein (a) | Protein | M Maioli et al. Diabetologia. 1993 | ||
| advanced glycation end products (AGEs) | Metabolite | Serum | diagnosis | Y Aso et al. Acta Diabetol. 2000 |
| cumulative glycaemia | Blood measures | Blood | diagnosis | I C Munch et al. Diabetologia. 2011 |
| focal retinal thinning (FRT) | Bio-imaging | retina | diagnosis | Rony Carlos Preti et al. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2021 |
| vascular endothelial growth factor -634C/G polymorphism | DNA | plasma | prediction | Ying Yang et al. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2010 |
| antipericyte autoantibodies (APAAs) | Protein | Serum | Ramesh C Nayak et al. Retina. 2007 | |
| dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) | Protein | plasma; vitreous fluid | prediction | F Qiu et al. Eye (Lond). 2014 |
| matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP-14) | Protein | Vitreous | Ahmed M Abu El-Asrar et al. Mol Vis. 2018 | |
| LR11 | Protein | Serum | Mao Takahashi et al. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012 | |
| osteoprotegerin (OPG) | Protein | diagnosis | Agata Grzelka et al. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2017 | |
| CD18 | Protein | Blood | Huping Song et al. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007 | |
| ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness | Bio-imaging | retina | diagnosis | Gilda Cennamo et al. Can J Ophthalmol. 2015 |
| microvascular impairment | Bio-imaging | Eye | Fabio Scarinci et al. Sci Rep. 2020 | |
| resistive index (RI) | Eye measures | machine | diagnosis | Taner Basturk et al. Ren Fail. 2012 |
| estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) | Other | blood; Urine | diagnosis | Ryan Eyn Kidd Man et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2015 |
| S100A12 | Metabolite | serum samples | prediction | Ning Dong，Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2015 |
| VEGF | Protein | serum samples | prediction | Wen Jeat Ang，PLoS One . 2019 |
| NO Sweat Peak | Eye measures | sample | diagnosis | John E Lewis，J Diabetes Metab Disord . 2017 |
| the delay in S-VEP latency | Eye measures | sample | progression | Yesmino T Elia，Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2005 |
| retinal vascular geometry detection | Eye measures | tissue | progression | Meng Li，Eur J Ophthalmol . 2021 |
| C-peptide | Protein | sample | progression | Y Wang，Diabetes Metab . 2020 |
| serum CA125 Level | Protein | serum samples | progression | Litong Yao，Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes . 2020 |
| irisin | Protein | serum samples | progression | Nafez Abu Tarboush，Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes . 2021 |
| hyperreflective foci (HF) | Bio-imaging | sample | prognosis | Irini P Chatziralli，Retina . 2016 |
| multifocal visual evoked potentials (mfVEP) | Eye measures | sample | diagnosis | Monica Lövestam-Adrian，Open Ophthalmol J . 2012 |
| miRNA-126 | miRNA | serum samples | diagnosis | Li-Li Qin，Int J Ophthalmol . 2017 |
| visual contrast sensitivity | Eye measures | sample | prediction | Subhasish Pramanik，Heliyon . 2020 |
| uric acid | Metabolite | sample | prediction | Hadeel Ahmed Shawki，Diabetol Int . 2020 |
| resistive index of central retinal artery | Eye measures | sample | progression | Manila Khatri，Int J Retina Vitreous . 2019 |
| SdLDL-C | Metabolite | sample | treatment | Atsuko Nakayama，J Atheroscler Thromb . 2021 |
| analysis of retinal microaneurysm turnover (MAT) | Eye measures | sample | progression | Affiliations，J Clin Med . 2021 |
| magnesium | Metabolite | serum samples | progression | Dipankar Kundu 1，J Nat Sci Biol Med . 2013 |
| retinal tissue perfusion (RTP) | Eye measures | sample | diagnosis | Zhiping Liu，Retina . 2021 |
| VEGF | DNA | sample | prediction | Asmaa Kamal，Int J Ophthalmol . 2016 |
| neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) | Blood measures | sample | prediction | Sachin Chittawar，Indian J Endocrinol Metab .2017 |
| infrared light sensitivity | Eye measures | sample | progression | Grzegorz Łabuz，Retina . 2021 |
| hut microbial abundance | Other | Fecal swabs | progression | Rehana Khan，Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2021 |
| VEGF | Protein | serum samples | progression | Sukriti Ahuja ，Int J Retina Vitreous . 2019 |
| β(2)-GPI | Protein | serum samples | diagnosis | Yin-Ping Liu，Int J Ophthalmol . 2011 |
| venular tortuosity | Eye measures | sample | prediction | Rachel B Forster，Diabetologia . 2021 |
| cortisol | Metabolite | serum samples | progression | Akshay Mohan，Mol Vis . 2021 |
| erythrocyte membrane fluidity | Other | tissue | progression | Giada Bianchetti，Eur J Clin Invest . 2021 |
| 175 differentially expressed lncRNAs | lncRNA | serum samples | diagnosis | Bing Liu，Eye (Lond) . 2021 |
| multifocal electroretinogram (mf-ERG). | Eye measures | tissue | diagnosis | Jiang Huang，J Diabetes Res . 2021 |
| meuron-specific enolase level | Other | serum samples | prediction | Zi-Wei Yu，Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes . 2020 |
| vaspin | Protein | serum samples | progression | Hong-Wei Yang ，J Diabetes Investig . 2021 |
| central subfield thickness and cube average thickness | Bio-imaging | tissue | progression | Sukriti Ahuja ，Int J Retina Vitreous . 2018 |
| crossing capillaries in the finger nailfold | Bio-imaging | tissue | prediction | Maiko Shikama，J Diabetes Investig . 2021 |
| advanced glycation end products (AGEs) | Metabolite | blood | diagnosis | Yuji Takayanagi .Antioxidants (Basel) . 2020 |
